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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract, which is the bladder and the urethra. UTIs are typically caused by bacteria, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being the most common culprit.
The most common cause of a UTI is when bacteria from the rectum or skin enter the urethra and travel upwards into the bladder. This can happen as a result of poor hygiene, sexual activity, using a diaphragm for contraception or due to catheters inserted during medical procedures.
Other causes of UTIs include conditions that block the flow of urine, such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate in men. Diabetes can also make you more prone to developing UTIs since it weakens your immune system and makes it harder to fight off infection.
A bladder infection, or cystitis, is the most frequent type of UTI. It happens when bacteria, often from the digestive tract, enter the bladder.
Symptoms of bladder infections include a frequent urge to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen.
Urethritis refers to an infection of the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. This type of UTI can cause symptoms such as a burning sensation during urination and unusual discharge from the urethra.
Urethra infections can result from bacteria or, in some cases, from sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Kidney infections, or pyelonephritis, are more severe types of UTIs. They occur when bacteria travel up the urinary tract to the kidneys.
Symptoms of kidney infections include high fever, chills, back or side pain, nausea, and vomiting. Kidney infections require urgent UTI treatment to avoid long-term damage to the kidneys or the spread of the infection into the bloodstream.
Mainly located in the center of the pelvis and the area surrounding the pubic bone
And passing small amounts of urine
If you suspect you may have a UTI, it is important to see your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
We understand the importance of an accurate diagnosis in treating UTIs effectively, which is why our approach is thorough and detailed.
Our diagnostic process includes the following steps:
Our healthcare professionals will start by discussing your symptoms, such as burning during urination, frequent urination, or lower abdominal pain. We’ll also review your medical history, focusing on past UTIs, urinary health issues, or any contributing conditions.
A physical examination may be performed to assess for underlying causes and identify any tenderness or discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.
We conduct a urinalysis by analysing a fresh urine sample. This test helps detect the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, or other markers of infection.
A urine culture is used to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection. This allows us to select the most effective antibiotic, ensuring targeted treatment that minimizes side effects and maximizes results.
For patients with recurrent UTIs or suspected complications, we may recommend imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, to evaluate the urinary tract for blockages, kidney stones, or other structural abnormalities.
If necessary, our specialists may perform a cystoscopy. This minimally invasive procedure uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra for any issues that might contribute to recurrent or severe infections.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health concern, especially among women, some risk factors that contribute to UTIs includes:
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common but can lead to severe health issues including:
A major complication of untreated infections is the likelihood of recurrence. Women in particular may suffer from frequent infections, defined as two or more UTIs within six months or four or more episodes within a year.
UTIs that go untreated can spread to the kidneys, causing acute or chronic kidney infections, also known as pyelonephritis. These infections can result in permanent kidney damage, impairing kidney function and potentially leading to long-term health problems.
One of the most severe UTI complications is sepsis, a life-threatening condition that occurs when the infection spreads to the bloodstream. This risk is especially high if the infection progresses to the kidneys. Sepsis requires urgent medical care to prevent organ failure and other critical effects.
Recurrent or untreated infections, particularly in men, can lead to urethral strictures. This condition causes the urethra to narrow, resulting in difficulty urinating and increased susceptibility to future infections.
Pregnant women face unique UTI complications, as infections during pregnancy can increase the chances of delivering preterm or low-birth-weight babies.
Oral antibiotics are the primary treatment for UTIs, effectively eliminating the infection-causing bacteria. Depending on the severity of the infection, a short or extended course may be prescribed.
For recurrent or complicated UTIs linked to underlying issues like kidney stones or structural abnormalities, further treatments or procedures may be required to address these contributing factors.
By prioritizing urinary health and incorporating key habits into your daily routine, you can effectively reduce the risk of infections and maintain a healthy urinary system.
Drinking enough water is one of the simplest ways to support urinary health. Proper hydration helps flush bacteria out of the urinary tract, reducing the chances of infection. Aim for at least 8 glasses of water a day or more if you’re active.
Maintaining good hygiene is essential in preventing bacteria from entering the urethra. Remember to always wipe from front to back after using the restroom to avoid transferring bacteria from the anal area.
Holding urine for extended periods can create a breeding ground for bacteria in the bladder. Make it a habit to empty your bladder as soon as you feel the need to urinate.
Using feminine hygiene products, such as douches, perfumes, or powders, may irritate the urethra and increase the risk of infection. Stick to mild, unscented soaps for cleaning the intimate area.
Wearing tight and non-breathable clothing can trap moisture, creating an environment where bacteria thrive. Opt for cotton underwear and loose-fitting pants to keep the genital area dry and comfortable.
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that help maintain a healthy microbial balance in the urinary tract. Include probiotic-rich foods, like yogurt and kefir, or consider supplements to support urinary health and reduce the likelihood of infections.
Although research is mixed, cranberry juice or supplements may help prevent infection by reducing bacteria's ability to stick to the walls of the urinary tract.
If you have a history of recurrent UTIs or a condition that increases your risk, work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a personalised prevention plan.
A UTI is considered recurrent if it happens three or more times in a year and is caused by bacteria that live in the large intestine. These bacteria are known as uropathogenic.
The most common type of bacteria that causes urinary tract infections is E. coli, although there are other types of bacteria that can also lead to UTIs. From urine microscopy and culture testing, it is possible to determine the type of bacteria and their sensitivity to antibiotics.
If the case is recurring, additional tests such as ultrasound scans and cystoscopy may be necessary. Most UTIs can be treated and have the risk of recurrence reduced by taking a course of suitable antibiotics and preventive measures.
However, in cases of RUTI, longer-term suppression antibiotics may be necessary.
To summarise, it is important to identify the signs of UTI early and seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, preventive measures such as drinking plenty of fluids, practicing good hygiene habits and avoiding irritating foods can help reduce your risk of developing a UTI. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are necessary to avoid any potential complications.
If you are uncertain, please don't hesitate to contact us and schedule an appointment to meet with us today.
Dr Tseng's expertise covers urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse, apart from that, his particular interest lies in the holistic management of Overactive Bladder Syndrome and other functional bladder conditions. With many years of experience in this field, he is committed to providing patients
